In the 1970s, mathematicians studying population growth discovered a simple equation — the logistic map — that produced ...

This is a preview. Log in through your library . Abstract In IRT models, responses are explained on the basis of person and item effects. Person effects are usually defined as a random sample from a ...

Although differential item functioning (DIF) theory traditionally focuses on the behavior of individual items in two (or a few) specific groups, in educational measurement contexts, it is often ...